Concept of Gene
A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity, composed of DNA and located on chromosomes. Genes carry the instructions necessary for the synthesis of proteins, which determine traits and characteristics in an organism.
Structure and Function of Genes
- Structure: Genes are segments of DNA that consist of coding regions (exons) and non-coding regions (introns). The coding regions contain sequences of nucleotides that specify amino acids, forming proteins. Non-coding regions help regulate gene expression.
- Function: Genes serve as templates for protein synthesis, which dictates various structural and functional characteristics in organisms. Through transcription and translation, genes influence traits from physical characteristics to complex behaviours.
Types of Genes
- Structural Genes: Encode proteins essential for cellular functions and structure.
- Regulatory Genes: Control the expression of other genes, determining when and where specific genes are active.
- Housekeeping Genes: Essential for maintaining basic cellular function, expressed in all cells.
Gene Expression and Regulation
Gene expression is the process by which the information in a gene is used to create a functional product, usually a protein. This process is regulated by factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, and silencers, which help cells respond to environmental signals and developmental cues.
Genes and Inheritance Patterns
Genes play a key role in inheritance, where they are passed from parents to offspring through genetic material in gametes. The combination of alleles inherited determines the traits and characteristics of an individual, influencing both simple traits (like eye colour) and complex behaviours.
